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Aquatic biomonitoring is the science of inferring the ecological condition of rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands by examining the organisms that live there. While aquatic biomonitoring is the most common form of such biomonitoring, any ecosystem can be studied in this manner. Biomonitoring typically takes different approaches: * ''Bioassays'', where test organisms are exposed to an environment to see if mutations or deaths occur. Typical organisms used in bioassays are fish, water fleas (Daphnia), and frogs. * ''Community assessments'', also called ''biosurveys,'' where an entire community of organisms is sampled, to see what types of taxa remain. In aquatic ecosystems, these assessments often focus on invertebrates, algae, macrophytes (aquatic plants), fish, or amphibians. Rarely, other large vertebrates (reptiles, birds, and mammals) are considered as well. * ''Online biomonitoring devices'', using the ability of animals to permanently taste their environment. Different types of animals are used for that purpose either under lab or field conditions. The use of valve opening/closing activity of (clams ) is one of the possible ways to monitor in-situ the quality of freshwater and coastal waters. Aquatic invertebrates have the longest history of use in biomonitoring programs.〔Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. ("Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, Second Edition." ) EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water; Washington, D.C.〕 In typical unpolluted temperate streams of Europe and North America, certain insect taxa predominate. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera), and stoneflies (Plecoptera) are the most common insects in these undisturbed streams. In rivers disturbed by urbanization, agriculture, forestry, and other perturbations, flies (Diptera), and especially midges (family Chironomidae) predominate. Aquatic invertebrates are responsive to climate change.〔Lawrence, J.E., K.B. Lunde, R.D. Mazor, L.A. Bêche, E.P. McElravy, and V.H. Resh. 2010. ("Long-Term Macroinvertebrate Responses to Climate Change: Implications for Biological Assessment in Mediterranean-Climate Streams." ) Journal of the North American Benthological Society 29: 1424-1440.〕 ==See also== *Bioindicator *Biological integrity *Indicator species *Water pollution *Biological monitoring working party 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aquatic biomonitoring」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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